菀柳
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两汉]：佚名
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有菀者柳，不尚息焉。上帝甚蹈，无自暱焉。俾予靖之，后予极焉。
有菀者柳，不尚愒焉。上帝甚蹈，无自瘵焉。俾予靖之，后予迈焉。
有鸟高飞，亦傅于天。彼人之心，于何其臻。曷予靖之，居以凶矜。
菀柳译文及注释
译文
一株柳树很茂盛，不要依傍去休息。上帝心思反覆多，不要和他太亲密。当初让我谋国政，而后受罚遭排挤。
一株柳树很茂盛，不要依傍寻阴凉。上帝心思反覆多，不要自己找祸殃。当初让我谋国政，如今放逐到远方。
鸟儿即使飞得高，还要依附在青天。那人心狠不可测，走到何处是极限？为何要我谋国政，反又突兀遭凶险？
注释
菀（yù）：树木茂盛。
尚：庶几。
蹈：动，变化无常。
昵（nì）：亲近。
俾（bǐ）：使。靖：谋。
极：同“殛（jí）”，惩罚。
愒（qì）：休息。
瘵（zhài）：病。
迈：行，指放逐。
傅：至。
曷（hé）：为什么。
矜（jīn）：危。
参考资料：
1、王秀梅 译注．诗经（下）：雅颂．北京：中华书局，2015：550-552
2、姜亮夫 等．先秦诗鉴赏辞典．上海：上海辞书出版社，1998：494-495
菀柳创作背景
这是一位大臣有功却获罪遭到流放，他心中充满怨恨，因而写了这首诗。
参考资料：
1、王秀梅 译注．诗经（下）：雅颂．北京：中华书局，2015：550-552
2、姜亮夫 等．先秦诗鉴赏辞典．上海：上海辞书出版社，1998：494-495
菀柳鉴赏
《小雅·菀柳》是一首揭露王者暴虐无常，诸侯皆不敢朝见的诗。全诗共分三章，每章六句。
第一章开头以“有菀者柳，不尚息焉”这个略显突兀的比拟句传达诗人强烈的愤懑之情，同时也让读者产生追究缘由的欲望：为什么茂密繁盛的柳树下，诗人却劝戒人们不要去憩息呢？诗人言在此而意在彼，接下来的两句述说缘由：“上帝甚蹈，无自昵焉。”意思是：大王虽然如同大树，可以乘凉，可是他暴虐无常，不可亲近，否则自招祸殃。“俾予靖之，后予极焉。”意思是：当初大王请我一起谋国事，如今莫名其妙受责罚。这是诗人现身说法，把与暴君共事的种种险恶表述无遗。整章诗或比拟，或劝戒，或直白，但都以“焉”字结句，呼告语气中传递着诗人的无限感慨和怨恨。
第二章诗意与第一章相似，在反覆咏叹中进一步强化了诗人所要表达的思想感情。诗人不可遏制的怨怒之气喷薄而出，却又不是尽情宣泄而后快，比拟中有双关，呼告中有托讽，虽是直言却用曲笔，以弦外之音感动读者，使议论中多了一点诗味。
第三章在前两章感情积蓄的基础上，由劝戒性的诉说转向声泪俱下的控诉，整章一气呵成，“有鸟高飞，亦傅于天”，意谓：再高飞的鸟也以天为依附。“彼人之心，于何其臻？”意谓：为什么难以预测彼人之心可能到达的极限呢？“曷予靖之，居以凶矜？”意谓：为什么当初用我谋国事，现在又让我遭凶恶？诗中鸟儿高飞是平和的比拟，逆向的起兴。从平淡中切入，渐入情境，最后以反诘句“曷予靖之，居以凶矜”作结，单刀直入，让人眼前凸现出一位正在质问“甚蹈”的“上帝”的受难诗人形象，诗人怀才不遇的悲愤、疾恶如仇的性情和命途多舛的遭遇都化作这句“诗眼”，给读者以震撼心魄的力量。
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佚名《
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国风·周南·芣苢》
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佚名《
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