菩萨蛮·回廊远砌生秋草
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五代]：冯延巳
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回廊远砌生秋草，梦魂千里青门道。鹦鹉怨长更，碧笼金锁横。
罗帏中夜起，霜月清如水。玉露不成圆，宝筝悲断弦。
菩萨蛮·回廊远砌生秋草鉴赏
这是一首思妇念远之小令。词人将时间集中在一个清秋之夜，将环境集中于一所闺房之内。在以内环境描写人物心态时，又以外环境进行氛围的渲染，从而使人物的情绪得到更加充分的显现。
上阕前二句就是内环境与外环境结合交融的成功范例：“回廊远砌生秋草”，这是闺房以外的外环境描写，此句不仅点明闺房所在的环境和闺中人思的时间，而且为下句“梦魂千里青门道”铺排了一个出发点和经由路：闺房中思妇的梦魂正是由此飞向千里青门之外，“青门”当为所思之人的所在地，这是一个更为遥远的外环境，但它只不过是出现于思妇梦魂中的一个虚象，实际仍包含于词中的规定情境——内环境之中。下面两句：“鹦鹉怨长更，碧笼金锁横。”即是内环境的具体展现：闺房中锁在碧笼中的鹦鹉正在怨诉着秋夜的漫长，难待天明。“更”读若“耕”。古时以更漏计时，秋日昼短夜长，故曰“长更”。鹦鹉以金锁锁在碧笼中，点出闺中人富贵高雅的身分。此二句的高妙之处不特在于它以细节的典型性，表现了内环境的特征和人物的社会地位，更在于它是一个非常准确、巧妙的象征，女主人公正像一只被金锁锁在碧笼中的鹦鹉。她虽然过的是锦衣玉食的生活，却没有自由、没有幸福。“鹦鹉怨长更”更是女主人公心境的表达，夜长夜短对于鹦鹉来说是无谓的，只有具有主体意识的万物之灵——人，才会有夜长难耐的感触，“怨长更”三字确切地表现了一个耿耿不寐的夜思者的心境，这主要不是指对自然时间的感觉，而是写出了人物心理的感觉即心理时间的漫长。
下阕依然是内外环境结合得天衣无缝的典范之笔。“罗帏中夜起”紧承上阕后二句而来，依然是内环境的继续展现，由于鹦鹉的怨音惊醒了女主人公来往于青门道上的梦魂，而揽衣起坐，依帏而立。她向外一望：窗外月光清澈如水，圆圆的玉露变成细碎的霜花，霜花与月光互相辉映，益发皎洁耀眼。“玉露不成圆”，此句最妙，它把自露为霜的微妙变化尽现于笔端。“霜月”二句写的是外环境，而这正是从内环境的视点中展现出来，因而显得内外交融浑然一体，孰内孰外以至使人无法区分。“宝筝悲断弦”则又由外环境的描写转入内环境的刻画：女主人公清宵不寐，愁绪无法排解，便坐到宝筝前抚弦以自遣，然而弹奏未几，琴弦就嗄然而断。弄筝而弦断乃心有郁结情绪不宁所致，又是不祥不吉的象征。因而她的心情变得更加悲凄欲绝，如同断弦一样纷乱而又空寂。
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李煜《
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采桑子·辘轳金井梧桐晚》
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苏轼《
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菩萨蛮·回文秋闺怨》
冯延巳简介
唐代·冯延巳的简介
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冯延巳 （903--960）又名延嗣，字正中，五代广陵（今江苏省扬州市）人。在南唐做过宰相，生活过得很优裕、舒适。他的词多写闲情逸致辞，文人的气息很浓，对北宋初期的词人有比较大的影响。宋初《钓矶立谈》评其“学问渊博，文章颖发，辩说纵横”，其词集名《阳春集》。
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