减字木兰花·立春
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宋代]:苏轼
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春牛春杖,无限春风来海上。便与春工,染得桃红似肉红。
春幡春胜,一阵春风吹酒醒。不似天涯,卷起杨花似雪花。
减字木兰花·立春译文及注释
译文
牵着春天的泥塑耕牛,拉起春天的泥塑犁杖,泥塑的耕夫站在二者的近旁。春风无限,来自海上。于是请来春神的神功,把桃花红染得像肉色红。
竖立春天的绿幡,剪成春天的彩胜。一阵春风,吹我酒醒。此地不像海角天涯,卷起的杨花,颇似雪花。
注释
减字木兰花:原唐教坊曲,双调四十四字,与“木兰花”相比,前后片第一、三句各减三字,改为平仄韵互换格,每片两仄韵,两平韵。
己卯:宋哲宗元符二年(1099)。儋耳:古代地名,在今海南境内。治所在今海南省儋州市西北。
春牛:即土牛,古时农历十二月出土牛以送寒气,第二年立春再造土牛,以劝农耕,并象征春耕开始。春杖:耕夫持犁杖而立,杖即执,鞭打土牛。也有打春一称。
丐:乞求。春工:春风吹暖大地,使生物复苏,是人们将春天比喻为农作物催生助长的农工。
肉红:状写桃花鲜红如血肉。
春幡(fān):春旗。立春日农家户户挂春旗,标示春的到来。也有剪成小彩旗插在头上,或树枝上。春胜:一种剪成图案或文字的剪纸,也称剪胜,以示迎春。
天涯:多指天边。此处指作者被贬谪的海南岛。
杨花:即柳絮。
参考资料:
1、孙凡礼 刘尚荣.苏轼诗词选:中华书局,2005:279-280
2、薛玉峰.苏东坡词今译:中国文联出版社,2012:155
减字木兰花·立春创作背景
此词作于元符二年(1099)。苏轼在惠州贬所得到责授琼州别驾昌化军安置,不得签书公事的命令,于绍圣四年(1097)四月十九日离开惠州,七月二日到昌化军(今海南儋州市)贬所。这首词为元符二年立春所写春词。
参考资料:
1、唐圭璋 等.唐宋词鉴赏辞典(唐五代北宋卷):上海辞书出版社,1988:728-730
2、孙凡礼 刘尚荣.苏轼诗词选:中华书局,2005:279-280
减字木兰花·立春鉴赏
这首词是作者被贬海南时所作,是一首咏春词。作者以欢快的笔触描写海南绚丽的春光,寄托了他随遇而安的达观思想。
此词上、下片句式全同,而且每一片首句,都从立春的习俗发端。古时立春日,“立青幡,施土牛耕人于门外,以示兆民(兆民,即百姓)”(《后汉书·礼仪志上》)。春牛即泥牛。春杖指耕夫持犁仗侍立;后亦有“打春”之俗,由人扮“勾芒神”,鞭打土牛。春幡,即“青幡”,指旗帜。春胜,一种剪纸,剪成图案或文字,又称剪胜、彩胜,也是表示迎春之意。而两片的第二句都是写“春风”。上片曰:“无限春风来海上”。作者《儋耳》诗也说:“垂天雌霓云端下,快意雄风海上来”。风从海上来,不仅写出地处海岛的特点,而且境界壮阔,令人胸襟为之一舒。下片曰:“一阵春风吹酒醒”,点明迎春仪式的宴席上春酒醉人,兴致勃发,情趣浓郁。两处写“春风”都有力地强化全词欢快的基调。接着上、下片对应着力写景。上片写桃花,下片写杨花,红白相衬,分外妖娆。写桃花句,大意是乞得春神之力,把桃花染得如同血肉之色一般。丐,乞求。这里把春神人格化,见出造物主孳乳人间万物的亲切之情。“不似天涯,卷起杨花似雪花”句,是全词点睛之笔。海南地暖,其时已见杨花;而中原,燕到春分前后始至,与杨柳飞花约略同时。作者用海南所无的雪花来比拟海南早见的杨花,谓海南跟中原景色略同,于是发出“不似天涯”的感叹。
此词礼赞海南之春,古代诗词题材中有开拓意义。同时词又表达作者旷达之怀,对我国旧时代知识分子影响深远。这是苏轼此词高出常人的地方。这首词大量使用同字。把同一个字重复地间隔使用,有的修辞学书上称为“类字”。本来,遣词造句一般要避免重复。《文心雕龙·练字第三十九》提出的四项练字要求,其中之一就是“权重出”,以“同字相犯”为戒。但是,作者偏偏利用“同字”,结果反取得异样的艺术效果,不但音调增加美听,而且主旨得到强调和渲染。这又是苏词高出他人之处。全词八句,共用七个“春”字(其中两个是“春风”),但不平均配置,有的一句两个,有的一句一个,有三句不用,显得错落有致;而不用“春”字之句,如“染得桃红似肉红”,“卷起杨花似雪花”,却分别用了两个“红”字,两个“花”字。事实上,作者也许并非有意要作如此复杂的变化,他只是为海南春色所感发,一气贯注地写下这首词,因而自然真切,朴实感人,而无丝毫玩弄技巧之弊。这也是苏词不同流俗的地方。
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苏轼简介
唐代·苏轼的简介
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苏轼(1037-1101),北宋文学家、书画家、美食家。字子瞻,号东坡居士。汉族,四川人,葬于颍昌(今河南省平顶山市郏县)。一生仕途坎坷,学识渊博,天资极高,诗文书画皆精。其文汪洋恣肆,明白畅达,与欧阳修并称欧苏,为“唐宋八大家”之一;诗清新豪健,善用夸张、比喻,艺术表现独具风格,与黄庭坚并称苏黄;词开豪放一派,对后世有巨大影响,与辛弃疾并称苏辛;书法擅长行书、楷书,能自创新意,用笔丰腴跌宕,有天真烂漫之趣,与黄庭坚、米芾、蔡襄并称宋四家;画学文同,论画主张神似,提倡“士人画”。著有《苏东坡全集》和《东坡乐府》等。
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寄赵仓
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宋代:
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许棐
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麾节交迎出帝城,满朝皆羡板舆荣。一州暂辍春风暖,八郡同瞻霁月明。
吴苑莺花新管领,秦溪桃李旧生成。应怜倦卧寒窗者,煮药炉边听雪声。