古人铸鉴
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宋代]：沈括
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古人铸鉴，鉴大则平，鉴小则凸。凡鉴凹则照人面大，凸则照人面小。小鉴不能全视人面，故令微凸，收人面令小，则鉴虽小而能全纳人面。仍复量鉴之小大，增损高下，常令人面与鉴大小相若。此工之巧智，后人不能造。比得古鉴，皆刮磨令平，此师旷所以伤知音也。
世有透光鉴，鉴背有铭文，凡二十字，字极古，莫能读。以鉴承日光，则背文及二十字皆透，在屋壁上了了分明。人有原其理，以谓铸时薄处先冷，唯背文上差厚后冷，而铜缩多。文虽在背，而鉴面隐然有迹，所以于光中现。予观之，理诚如是。然余家有三鉴，又见他家所藏，皆是一样，文画铭字无纤异者，形制甚古。唯此鉴光透，其他鉴虽至薄者，皆莫能透。意古人别自有术。
古人铸鉴译文及注释
译文
古人制造镜子的时候，大镜子铸成平的，小镜子铸成凸的。镜面凹的照出人脸的像要大些，镜面凸的照出人脸的像要小些。用小镜看不到人脸的全像，所以作得稍为凸些，以使脸像变小，这样的镜子虽小仍可获得人脸全像。造镜时要量镜子的大小，以决定增减镜子凸起的程度，使脸像和镜子大小相称。古人做工巧妙，后人造不出来了,一旦得到古时的镜子，一律刮磨使镜面平滑，这是师旷（春秋著名乐师）为什么悲哀（没有人）真正懂得音律的缘故啊。
世上有透光镜，镜背面有铭文，共二十字，字体极其深奥，没人能读懂。用这个镜子承受日光，背面的花纹和二十个字就会透射在房壁上，清清楚楚。有人推究它的原理，认为是由于铸造时薄处先冷，唯独有花纹和字的地方比较厚，冷得慢，以致铜收缩得多。铭文和花纹虽然在背面，但是镜面上隐隐约约有痕迹，所以在光中显现出来。我观察了这面镜子，认为道理确实如此。可是我家有三面镜子，又见到了别人家所收藏的镜子，都是一个式样，图案铭文没有丝毫差异，形制很古老。只有这种镜子可以透光，其他的镜子即使也有很薄的，却都不能透光。想来古人自有特殊的制作方法。
注释
铸：制造。
鉴：镜子。
则：就，便。
令：使，让。
微：略微。
而：却，但是，表转折。
纳：获得。
比：一旦。
师旷：春秋时期著名乐师。
所以：……的原因。
故：所以，因此。
全：完全，都。
差：略微。
原：推究。
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沈括简介
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沈括（公元1031～1095年），字存中，号梦溪丈人，北宋浙江杭州钱塘县（今浙江杭州）人，汉族。北宋科学家、政治家。仁宗嘉佑进士，后任翰林学士。晚年在镇江梦溪园撰写了《梦溪笔谈》。我国历史上最卓越的科学家之一。精通天文、数学、物理学、化学、地质学、气象学、地理学、农学和医学、工程师、外交家。
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