饮马长城窟行
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两汉]：佚名
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青青河畔草，绵绵思远道。
远道不可思，宿昔梦见之。(宿昔一作：夙昔)
梦见在我傍，忽觉在他乡。
他乡各异县，辗转不相见。
枯桑知天风，海水知天寒。
入门各自媚，谁肯相为言。
客从远方来，遗我双鲤鱼。
呼儿烹鲤鱼，中有尺素书。
长跪读素书，书中竟何如。
上言加餐食，下言长相忆。
饮马长城窟行译文及注释
译文
河边春草青青，连绵不绝伸向远方，令我思念远行在外的丈夫。远在外乡的丈夫不能终日思念，但在梦里很快就能见到他。
梦里见他在我的身旁，一觉醒来发觉他仍在他乡。他乡各有不同的地区，丈夫在他乡漂泊不能见到。
桑树枯萎知道天风已到，海水也知道天寒的滋味。同乡的游子各自回家亲爱，有谁肯向我告诉我丈夫的讯息？
有位客人从远方来到，送给我装有绢帛书信的鲤鱼形状的木盒。呼唤童仆打开木盒，其中有尺把长的用素帛写的信。
恭恭敬敬地拜读丈夫用素帛写的信，信中究竟说了些什么？书信的前一部分是说要增加饭量保重身体，书信的后一部分是说经常想念。
注释
绵绵：这里义含双关，由看到连绵不断的青青春草，而引起对征人的缠绵不断的情思。
远道：远行。
宿昔：指昨夜。
觉：睡醒。
展转：亦作“辗转”，不定。这里是说在他乡作客的人行踪无定。“展转”又是形容不能安眠之词。如将这一句解释指思妇而言，也可以通，就是说她醒后翻来覆去不能再入梦。
枯桑：落了叶的桑树。这两句是说枯桑虽然没有叶，仍然感到风吹，海水虽然不结冰，仍然感到天冷。比喻那远方的人纵然感情淡薄也应该知道我的孤凄、我的想念。
入门，指各回自己家里。
媚：爱。言：问讯。以上二句是把远人没有音信归咎于别人不肯代为传送。
双鲤鱼：指藏书信的函，就是刻成鲤鱼形的两块木板，一底一盖，把书信夹在里面。一说将上面写着书信的绢结成鱼形。
烹：煮。假鱼本不能煮，诗人为了造语生动故意将打开书函说成烹鱼。
尺素书：古人写文章或书信用长一尺左右的绢帛，称为“尺素”。素，生绢。书，信。
长跪：伸直了腰跪着，古人席地而坐，坐时两膝着地，臀部压在脚后根上。跪时将腰伸直，上身就显得长些，所以称为“长跪”。
下：末二句“上”、“下”指书信的前部与后部。
饮马长城窟行创作背景
这首诗最早见于南朝梁昭明太子萧统沂编的《文选》，归入“乐府·古辞”。该诗的作者问题，历来有争议。《文选》李善注云：“此辞不知作者姓名。”《玉台新咏》则以为是汉蔡邕所作。当代也有人认为与蔡邕并无关系，而是东汉之前即流传于民间的歌诗。
参考资料：
1、陈谋韬，此情绵绵无绝期，《语文知识》，2006（03）
2、郭铁娜 张世超 ，《饮马长城窟行·青青河边草》“蔡邕作”献疑，《古籍整理研究学刊》， 2009（05）
饮马长城窟行鉴赏
《饮马长城窟行》属乐府《相和歌辞·瑟调曲》，又称“饮马行”。诗歌的笔法委曲多致，完全随着抒情主人公飘忽不定的思绪而曲折回旋。比如诗的开头，由青青绵绵而“思远道”之人；紧接着却说“远道不可思”，要在梦中相见更为真切；“梦见在身边”，却又忽然感到梦境是虚的，于是又回到相思难见上。八句之中，几个转折，情思恍惚，意象迷离，亦喜亦悲，变化难测，充分写出了她怀人之情的缠绵殷切。
诗中所写思妇种种意想，似梦非梦，似真非真。诗中所写他家有人归来和自己接到“双鲤鱼”、“中有尺素书”的情节，可能是真的，也可能是一种极度思念时产生的臆象。剖鱼见书，有着浓厚的传奇色彩，而游子投书，又是极合情理的事。作者把二者融合在一起，以虚写实，虚实难辨，更富神韵。
最令人感动的是结尾。好不容易收到来信，“上言加餐食，下言长相忆”，却偏偏没有一个字提到归期。归家无期，信中的语气又近于永诀，这意味着什么呢？这大概是寄信人不忍明言，读信人也不敢揣想的。如此作结，余味无尽。
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韩愈《
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青青水中蒲二首》
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张籍《
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征妇怨》
佚名简介
唐代·佚名的简介
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猜你喜欢
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咏史一百三十首 其一二七 冯夏威
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：
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连横
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国权不自由，人生不如死。一死酬同胞，众生实可耻。
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赠吴孝父归黄山
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明代：
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区大相
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黄山连碧虚，上有轩辕居。丹台久芜没，何客此结庐。
结庐独长往，早发金庭想。高揖曹阮辈，炼药恣偃仰。
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次韵马参议留别
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宋代：
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叶梦得
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戎车百两去难攀，秣马前驱矢石间。析木旧津吞朔易，神都新令愯完颜。
传声已报连三捷，触热那辞冒百艰。束缚会看擒颉利，灰钉何待执戎蛮。
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江南意
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明代：
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高启
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妾本南国姝，父母爱如珠。
貌岂惭明镜，身才称短襦。
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恭谒孝陵
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清代：
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顾炎武
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闰位穷元季，真符启圣人。九州殊夏裔，万古肇君臣。
武德三王后，文思二帝邻。卜年乘王气，定鼎属休辰。
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喜雪 其三
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宋代：
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朱翌
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嘉瑞真成一旦逢，寄笺天下托鹏风。分无侑坐歌眉绿，但有挑蔬冻指红。
画史莫传飞舞势，诗人俱尽琢磨工。此间不见乾坤妙，妙在竹扉山崦中。